The Effectiveness of Red Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn) Extract Mouthwash Against the Number of Oral Bacteria Colony

@#Introduction: The percentage of Indonesian population experiencing oral and dental diseases based on the 2007 and 2013 RISKESDAS data, rise from 23.2% to 25.9%. People need to maintain healthy teeth and mouth by brushing their teeth and using mouthwash. Chlorhexidine is mouthwash that has been proven to be effective in reducing the number of plaque microorganisms attached to teeth and oral mucosa, but its long-term use can cause tooth stain, allergies, tissue desquamation and resistance. Red pomegranate can be used as an alternative because it contains flavonoids and tannins which are thought to have antibacterial ability. Therefore, this study aims to prove that red pomegranate extract mouthwash can reduce the number of oral bacteria colonies. Methods: 25 subjects were divided into 5 groups, namely K1: gargle aquades; K2: Chlorhexidine mouth rinse; K3, K4, K5 each rinse with 0.02%, 0.2% and 2% red pomegranate extract mouthwash. Saliva is collected before and after gargling, then planted in Petri dish using BHIA media with a spread plate method. Calculation of the amount of bacterial colony done 24 hours after the media was incubated. Counting the number of bacterial colonies using a colony counter. Data were analyzed by Anova and LSD tests. Result: There were significant difference between all group on decreased of number of oral bacteria colony (p= 0.00). Conclusion: Red pomegranate extract mouthwash effective decreased of number of oral bacteria colony and the most effective was 2% concentration.

The Decreased of p53 Mutant Expression on Squamous Cell Epithelial of Oral in Mus musculus by Moderate Intensity of Exercise

@#Introduction: Cancer is a deadly disease, caused by benzopyrene which found in cigarettes. The moderate intensity of exercise can affect cancer growth, but how the role it to p53 mutant is not clear. This research proved the expression of p53 mutant in Mus musculus by moderate intensity of exercise. Method: Eighteen animals, were divided into three groups namely, group A, injected by oleum olivarium in the upper buccal mucosa and not given moderate intensity of exercise and benzopyrene; group B, injected benzopyrenes in the same regio, not given moderate intensity of exercise; group C injected benzopyrenes in same region, given moderate intensity of exercise. Moderate intensity of exercise given 3 times every week for 3 months. Oleum olivarum and benzopyrene injection, was given 3 times every week for 1 month, starting at week 5. At the beginning of the 13th week, a bend was taken in the right upper buccal mucosa, then the tissue was processed, painted by immunohistochemical methods. p53 mutant expression was determined by looking at preparations, using an Olympus light microscope with a magnification of 400x. p53 mutan expression was observed in 10 different visual field, then the mean was taken. Result: There were differences in p53 mutant expression in the three groups (p= 0.000), and the highest expression was in group B. Conclusion: The moderate intensity of exercise could decrease p53 mutant expression on squamous cell epithelial of oral Mus musculus.